{"id":1256,"date":"2025-06-20T11:23:12","date_gmt":"2025-06-20T11:23:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/?p=1256"},"modified":"2025-07-01T11:10:28","modified_gmt":"2025-07-01T11:10:28","slug":"osteoimmunology-bridging-bone-and-immune-system-interactions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/osteoimmunology-bridging-bone-and-immune-system-interactions\/","title":{"rendered":"Osteoimmunology: Bridging Bone and Immune System Interactions"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1256\" class=\"elementor elementor-1256\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f184fee e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f184fee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a818ba e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a818ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba76de7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba76de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p id=\"viewer-hik7518205\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">What do osteoporosis, periodontitis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have in common? Could their shared mechanisms hold the key to improving bone repair? And did you know that your bones and immune system are in constant communication, affecting your health in ways you might not expect? We\u2019ll explore these fascinating questions in this blog post, the first in our series on osteoimmunology.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16a3478 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"16a3478\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/56cf1a_c3ab4a5b1b48499ab01439dd0942ad26mv2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1258\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/56cf1a_c3ab4a5b1b48499ab01439dd0942ad26mv2.png 740w, https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/56cf1a_c3ab4a5b1b48499ab01439dd0942ad26mv2-300x157.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1437889 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1437889\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOsteoporosis, periodontitis, and RA may seem like distinct conditions, but they share several underlying mechanisms:\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0231045 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0231045\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol class=\"-wuhD _6XZJW\">\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-qa183175\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\"><strong>Chronic Inflammation<\/strong>: Persistent inflammation drives both periodontitis and RA, and it can contribute indirectly to the bone loss seen in osteoporosis.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-y6fxu179\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\"><strong>Bone Loss<\/strong>: All three conditions involve bone resorption:<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"ggbv- _6XZJW\">\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"2\">\n<p id=\"viewer-2esdk184\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Osteoporosis leads to systemic bone density reduction.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"2\">\n<p id=\"viewer-suvpo187\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Periodontitis causes localized bone loss in the jaw.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"2\">\n<p id=\"viewer-mn5n2190\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">RA results in joint erosion and periarticular bone loss.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-6ook0193\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\"><strong>Immune System Dysregulation<\/strong>: Overactive immune responses, driven by cytokines TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6, play a key role in RA and periodontitis. These same cytokines contribute to bone loss in osteoporosis. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-hlnin197\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\"><strong>Shared Risk Factors<\/strong>: Smoking, aging, and genetic predispositions are common risk factors for all three conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-m0r7l201\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\"><strong>Microbial and Molecular Links<\/strong>: In periodontitis, bacteria like <em>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/em>\u00a0can trigger immune responses that are also implicated in RA. These inflammatory pathways can exacerbate bone loss, linking them to osteoporosis.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-ew6zd207\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\"><strong>Osteoimmunology Interplay<\/strong>: The RANK\/RANKL\/OPG axis, which regulates bone remodeling, is a shared pathway affected in all three conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-520c5e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"520c5e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>What is Osteoimmunology?<\/em><\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0a99c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0a99c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOsteoimmunology is an interdisciplinary field that examines the two-way communication between the skeletal and immune systems. These systems share a common microenvironment, or niche, and work together as an integrated unit known as the osteoimmune system (1). Historically, osteoimmunology focused on understanding bone destruction linked with inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis and RA (2). Today, the field is expanding to explore how osteoblasts, osteoclasts and immune cells influence each other and the subsequent impact on bone health, diseases like osteoporosis, and repair.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e71fc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e71fc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>The Bone Marrow Microenvironment: A Shared Space<\/em><\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acfe05c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"acfe05c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLet\u2019s begin with the most obvious connection, the bone marrow microenvironment. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), skeletal progenitors, and lymphoid progenitors all reside in the bone marrow, which is surrounded and protected by cortical bone of the skeletal system. This evolutionary adaptation shields stem cells from UV-induced DNA damage and stabilizes the hypoxic environment needed for HSC quiescence and self-renewal. Osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells, maintain the space required for this niche. Further, the skeletal and immune systems share some common precursors and regulatory molecules, many of which are highly conserved across species (3). Some of the most well-studied include receptor activator of nuclear factor-\u03baB (RANK), it\u2019s ligand (RANKL) and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF\u03b1).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83747c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83747c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Table 1 (below) provides a comparison of these molecules in both systems.<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-248a3d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tablepress-table\" data-id=\"248a3d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tablepress-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<table id=\"tablepress-1\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1 para-font\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Molecule<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Skeletal System Role<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Immune System Role<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">RANK<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Expressed on osteoclast precursors<br \/>\n<br \/>\nPromotes osteoclast differentiation and activation<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Expressed on dendritic cells, aiding survival and activation<br \/>\n<br \/>\nInvolved in lymph node, thymic medulla, and small intestine Peyer\u2019s patches development<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">RANKL<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes to regulate bone remodeling<br \/>\n<br \/>\nStimulates osteoclastogenesis when bound to RANK<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Expressed by T cells, influencing dendritic cell function<br \/>\n<br \/>\nModulates immune response<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">TNF-\u03b1<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Promotes osteoclastogenesis, leading to increased bone resorption<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Role in lymph node development<br \/>\n<br \/>\nRecruits and activates macrophages and neutrophils<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1 from cache -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39c73f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39c73f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>The Endosteal Niche: A Hub of Crosstalk<\/em><\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a474e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87a474e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The endosteal niche, located at the inner surface of bones and lining the medullary cavity, is a bustling hub of crosstalk between bone and immune cells. This niche includes osteoblasts, osteoclasts, MSC, reticular cells, and extracellular matrix components. The endosteum is essential in bone growth, remodeling, and repair, while contributing to the maintenance and self-renewal of HSC, and maturation of lymphocytes and myeloid cells (4, 5). \u00a0Intermediates of the immune system, including cytokines and interleukins, significantly influence the function of this niche (6).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5bb976 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5bb976\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>Bone and Immune System Connections<\/em><\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5706584 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5706584\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">The interaction between the bone and immune systems is evident in several ways:<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41d5b19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41d5b19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol class=\"-wuhD _6XZJW\"><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-6scfq287\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\"><strong>Osteoblasts<\/strong>\u00a0secrete key signaling molecules that regulate the HSC niche.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-t9ljj291\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\"><strong>Osteoclasts<\/strong>\u00a0share a common lineage with myeloid precursor cells, which differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells; all differentiate from bone marrow HSC.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-w32s7295\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\"><strong>Osteoclast Precursors<\/strong>\u00a0circulate in blood like other hematopoietic cells and are upregulated during inflammation.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-xapxi299\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\"><strong>Cytokines and Chemokines<\/strong>\u00a0regulate the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, linking immune responses to bone mass and turnover (5,7).<\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-o59wu303\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\"><strong>Macrophages<\/strong>, residing near osteoblasts, are essential for bone remodeling and fracture repair (8).<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8721e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8721e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osteoimmunology is unlocking new insights into the crosstalk between bones and the immune system. By understanding these interactions, researchers aim to develop innovative treatments for conditions like osteoporosis, periodontitis, and RA.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a69308c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a69308c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>References<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-101ea37 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"101ea37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol class=\"-wuhD _6XZJW\"><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-i5nt7313\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Bergin, S. M., Crutcher, C. L., Keeler, C., Rocos, B., Haglund, M. M., Michael Guo, H., Gottfried, O. N., Richardson, W. J., &amp; Than, K. D. (2023). Osteoimmunology: Interactions With the Immune System in Spinal Fusion. <em>International Journal of Spine Surgery<\/em>, <em>17<\/em>(S3), S9\u2013S17. <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14444\/8556\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14444\/8556<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-6qfa0320\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Tsukasaki, M., &amp; Takayanagi, H. (2019). Osteoimmunology: Evolving concepts in bone\u2013immune interactions in health and disease. <em>Nature Reviews Immunology<\/em>, <em>19<\/em>(10), 626\u2013642. <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-019-0178-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-019-0178-8<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-09lxb327\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">OrthoDB v11: annotation of orthologs in the widest sampling of organismal diversity\u00a0D Kuznetsov, F Tegenfeldt, M Manni, M Seppey, M Berkeley, EV Kriventseva, EM Zdobnov, NAR, Nov 2022,\u00a0<a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkac998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>doi:10.1093\/nar\/gkac996.<\/u><\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/36350662\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\">PMID:36350662<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-wnao5333\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Okamoto, K., &amp; Takayanagi, H. (2019). Osteoimmunology. <em>Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine<\/em>, <em>9<\/em>(1), a031245. <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a031245\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a031245<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-2o40c340\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Ponzetti, M., &amp; Rucci, N. (2019). Updates on Osteoimmunology: What\u2019s New on the Cross-Talk Between Bone and Immune System. <em>Frontiers in Endocrinology<\/em>, <em>10<\/em>, 236. <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2019.00236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2019.00236<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-jncyj347\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Cai, L., Lv, Y., Yan, Q., &amp; Guo, W. (2024). Cytokines: The links between bone and the immune system. <em>Injury<\/em>, <em>55<\/em>(2), 111203. <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2023.111203\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2023.111203<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\"><p id=\"viewer-s3epy354\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Lorenzo, J., Horowitz, M., &amp; Choi, Y. (2008). 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PMID: 33077865.<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What do osteoporosis, periodontitis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have in common? Could their shared mechanisms hold the key to improving bone repair?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1298,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1256","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1256"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1256\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1398,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1256\/revisions\/1398"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1298"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}