{"id":1400,"date":"2025-05-19T06:44:41","date_gmt":"2025-05-19T06:44:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/?p=1400"},"modified":"2025-07-01T12:22:22","modified_gmt":"2025-07-01T12:22:22","slug":"cellular-conversations-signal-driven-regeneration-advances-in-orthopedic-healing-electrical-stimulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/cellular-conversations-signal-driven-regeneration-advances-in-orthopedic-healing-electrical-stimulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Cellular Conversations: Signal-Driven Regeneration &#8211; Advances in Orthopedic Healing, Electrical Stimulation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1400\" class=\"elementor elementor-1400\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3aff469 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3aff469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d972775 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d972775\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-729e056 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"729e056\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn our <strong><em>Cellular Conversations<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0blog post series, we described the role of biochemical, mechanical, and electrical signals in bone tissue repair. This post explores the clinical applications of electrical stimulation in bone repair, including mechanisms and future prospects.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d80bc54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d80bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>PART 4: Understanding Electrical Stimulation in Bone Repair<\/em><\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90c319d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"90c319d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Re-sized-Image_Molecular-Matrix-683x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1847\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Re-sized-Image_Molecular-Matrix-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Re-sized-Image_Molecular-Matrix-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Re-sized-Image_Molecular-Matrix-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Re-sized-Image_Molecular-Matrix-1024x1536.png 1024w, https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Re-sized-Image_Molecular-Matrix-1366x2048.png 1366w, https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Re-sized-Image_Molecular-Matrix-scaled.png 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-077e484 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"077e484\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 1. Electrical stimulation methods for bone growth and repair. Invasive stimulators: (A) Direct current electrical stimulation (DCES), Non-invasive stimulators: (B) Inductive coupling, and (C) capacitive coupling. Source: (Khalifeh et al., 2018)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5198b27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5198b27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As discussed in greater detail in the 3rd\u00a0post in this series <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/cellular-conversations-biological-signals-in-orthopedic-tissue-repair\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>here<\/u><\/a>, these techniques leverage, enhance, or mimic the body\u2019s natural electrical fields to accelerate bone healing. Electrical stimulation increases release of growth factors such as IGF-2 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and TGF-\u03b21 (Transforming Growth Factor beta 1), which promote cell proliferation, and callus formation and maturation. Direct current stimulation also supports osteoblast proliferation by reducing oxygen levels and increasing pH, creating a slightly alkaline environment that further encourages callus formation and facilitates bone repair.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6195abe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6195abe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBased on clinical application, these techniques can be classified as: 1) invasive, 2) semi-invasive, or 3) non-invasive.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9eba0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d9eba0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>Invasive Electrical Stimulation (Figure 1A)<\/em><\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43687f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43687f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"ggbv- _6XZJW\">\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-7btll218\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Surgically implantable devices deliver continuous direct current stimulation to the site of repair.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-9jujq220\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Devices are implanted in subcutaneous or intramuscular space with electrodes placed at the site of bone repair.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-bmtfi222\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Used in challenging cases where traditional healing methods have failed.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-yevub224\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Surgical implantation carries risks of infection, inflammation, or tissue discomfort.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-8trar226\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Additional procedures are required to remove the device once treatment is complete.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-41oy8228\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">FDA-approved devices are on the market.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a93c823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a93c823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>Semi-invasive Stimulation<\/em><\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cb2fe9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cb2fe9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"ggbv- _6XZJW\">\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-mnv0e232\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Percutaneous electrodes are inserted through the skin to the fracture site and remain connected to an external power source.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-l4nze234\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Doctors can apply and remove the device without the requirement for an open, invasive, surgical procedure.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-4scvb236\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Increased risk of infection, inflammation, or discomfort at the region of lead insertion.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-weiac238\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Not currently FDA-approved.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dd4b4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4dd4b4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>Non-invasive Stimulation<\/em><\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-377a3b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"377a3b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"ggbv- _6XZJW\">\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-jw95q244\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">External devices, in the form of wearable patches or braces, deliver electrical currents to the affected area, promoting bone healing without the need for surgery.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-hijxq246\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">The mechanism of action is thought to be the increase in cytosolic calcium levels created by electrical activation of voltage-gated calcium channels.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-g73lq248\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\"><strong><em>Inductive coupling (Figure 1B)<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0involves a current generator and electromagnetic coils which are held in place by a brace or belt.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"ggbv- _6XZJW\">\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"2\">\n<p id=\"viewer-an73w13713\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Pulsed Electromagnetic Field devices generate a pulsed magnetic field near the treatment site, typically worn for 3 \u2013 8 hrs\/day for 3 \u2013 9 months.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"2\">\n<p id=\"viewer-1hjla13192\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Controlled Magnetic Field devices generate both pulsed and static magnetic fields near the treatment site and are typically worn for 30 minutes a day for 9 months.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"_8T5i3\" dir=\"auto\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p id=\"viewer-9cbl0256\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\"><strong><em>Capacitive coupling (Figure 1C)<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0devices generate an electrical field between two conductive plates or pads that are positioned on the skin covering opposite sides of the target site.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11f06ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11f06ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-krt3k262\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _3GmD8 UGHSE\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"mVzZr _3GmD8\">Ongoing research efforts to understand the roles of all methods of cell signaling (biochemical, mechanical, and electrical) will lead to more precise and effective treatments for fracture and bony fusions. At Molecular Matrix, Inc., we utilize our knowledge of cell signaling to develop innovative methods for bone regeneration. To learn more about Molecular Matrix, Inc.; <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>click here.<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf19d5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf19d5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>References:<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74433ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74433ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-e3z9g268\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Ali, S., Belmont, P., &amp; Muir, J. (2020). Proposed Reclassification of Non-Invasive Bone Growth Stimulators (BGSs). <em>FDA, Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Devices Panel Meeting<\/em>, 1\u201338.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-xrg8y272\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">deVet, T., Jhirad, A., Pravato, L., &amp; Wohl, G. R. (2021). Bone Bioelectricity and Bone-Cell Response to Electrical Stimulation: A Review. <em>Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering<\/em>, <em>49<\/em>(1), 1\u201319.<u> <\/u><a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.2021035327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.2021035327<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-spq68279\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Dolkart, O., Kazum, E., Rosenthal, Y., Sher, O., Morag, G., Yakobson, E., Chechik, O., &amp; Maman, E. (2021). Effects of focused continuous pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on early tendon-to-bone healing: Rat supraspinatus detachment and repair model. <em>Bone &amp; Joint Research<\/em>, <em>10<\/em>(5), 298\u2013306. <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2046-3758.105.BJR-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2046-3758.105.BJR- 2020-0253.R2<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-v7a6i286\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Goldstein, C., Sprague, S., &amp; Petrisor, B. A. (2010). Electrical Stimulation for Fracture Healing: Current Evidence. <em>Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma<\/em>, <em>24<\/em>(Supplement 1), S62\u2013 S65. <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181cdde1b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181cdde1b<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-8k92g293\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Grif\ufb01n, M., &amp; Bayat, A. (2011). Electrical Stimulation in Bone Healing: Critical Analysis by Evaluating Levels of Evidence. <em>Eplasty<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>, 303\u2013353.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-lej8o299\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Khalifeh, J. M., Zohny, Z., MacEwan, M., Stephen, M., Johnston, W., Gamble, P., Zeng, Y., Yan, Y., &amp; Ray, W. Z. (2018). Electrical Stimulation and Bone Healing: A Review of Current Technology and Clinical Applications. <em>IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>, 217\u2013232. <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RBME.2018.2799189\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RBME.2018.2799189<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-q3hmg306\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Leppik, L., Oliveira, K. M. C., Bhavsar, M. B., &amp; Barker, J. H. (2020). Electrical stimulation in bone tissue engineering treatments. <em>European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery<\/em>, <em>46<\/em>(2), 231\u2013244. <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-020-01324-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-020-01324-1<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-8wrbb313\" class=\"_04qQG jtShe _6XZJW UGHSE\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"mVzZr\">Nicksic, P. J., Donnelly, D. T., Hesse, M., Bedi, S., Verma, N., Seitz, A. J., Shoffstall, A. J., Ludwig, K. A., Dingle, A. M., &amp; Poore, S. O. (2022). Electronic Bone Growth Stimulators for Augmentation of Osteogenesis in In Vitro and In Vivo Models: A Narrative Review of Electrical Stimulation Mechanisms and Device Specifications. <em>Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology<\/em>, <em>10<\/em>, 793945. <a class=\"WAzZp aiPD3\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.793945\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.793945<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In our Cellular Conversations blog post series, we described the role of biochemical, mechanical, and electrical signals in bone tissue repair.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1645,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1400","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1400","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1400"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1400\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1850,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1400\/revisions\/1850"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1645"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1400"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1400"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stage.website4md.com\/molecular-matrix\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1400"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}